原始农耕生活，祖先开始定居 | 初中历史七年级上中英文教师精讲

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第 2 课 原始农耕生活

Lesson 2 Primitive farming life

同学们，上一节课我们认识了元谋人、北京人和山顶洞人，他们靠采集和狩猎为生，过着漂泊不定的生活。而今天，我们要穿越到约 1 万年前，看看我们的祖先生活发生了怎样翻天覆地的变化 —— 他们终于停下了迁徙的脚步，开始了 “日出而作，日落而息” 的农耕生活。

Students, last class we met Yuanmou people, Beijing people and cave people, they rely on gathering and hunting for a living, living a vagrant life. Today, however, we travel back some 10,000 years to see how our ancestors ‘lives changed dramatically-they finally stopped migrating and began a “sunrise, sunset” farming life.

图片来自网络

一、原始农业的兴起与发展 The Rise and Development of Primitive Agriculture

1. 从采集到种植：一场伟大的革命 From Harvesting to Planting: A Great Revolution

大约 20000 年前，我们的祖先开始尝试管理野生植物；到了距今约 10000 年左右，我国出现了最早的人工栽培农作物：

About 20000 years ago, our ancestors began to try to manage wild plants;about 10000 years ago, the earliest cultivated crops appeared in China:

长江中下游地区：先民开始栽培稻（江西万年仙人洞、湖南道县玉蟾岩等遗址有发现）

Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River: ancestors began to cultivaterice (Wannian Xianren Cave in Jiangxi Province, Yuchan Rock in Dao City, Hunan Province, etc.)

北方地区：先民开始栽培粟和黍（北京东胡林、内蒙古兴隆洼等遗址有发现）

Northern region: ancestors began to cultivatemillet and millet (Beijing Donghulin, Inner Mongolia Xinglongwa and other sites have been found)

小知识：世界上最早的栽培稻、粟和黍都发现于中国，这是我们祖先对人类文明的重大贡献！

Little knowledge: The earliest cultivated rice, millet and millet in the world were found in China, which is a great contribution of our ancestors to human civilization!

湖南道县玉蟾岩遗址稻谷壳 图片来自网络

（此处可展示玉蟾岩遗址出土的稻谷图片，让学生观察远古稻谷与现代稻谷的区别）

(Pictures of rice unearthed at Yuchan Rock Site can be displayed here to show students the difference between ancient rice and modern rice)

2. 原始农业的发展标志 A sign of primitive agriculture

随着时间的推移，原始农业不断进步，主要标志有：

With the passage of time, primitive agriculture continued to progress, the main signs are:

• 农作物种植的出现（稻、粟、黍） Emergence of crop cultivation (rice, millet, millet)
• 家畜饲养的开始（猪、狗等） The beginning of livestock breeding (pigs, dogs, etc.)
• 聚落的形成（人们开始定居生活） Settlement formation (people begin to settle down)
• 磨制石器的使用（进入 “新石器时代”） Use of ground stone tools (into the Neolithic Age)

思考：为什么说原始农业为古代文明社会的形成奠定了物质基础？（提示：定居生活让人们有更多时间发展手工业、艺术等）

Thinking: Why did primitive agriculture lay the material foundation for the formation of ancient civilization? (Hint: Settled life gives people more time to develop handicrafts, arts, etc.)

中国原始农耕时代重要遗址分布图 图片来自网络

（此处可展示 “中国原始农耕时代重要遗址分布图”，引导学生观察南北方遗址的分布差异）

(Here,”Distribution Map of Important Sites in China’s Primitive Agricultural Age” can be displayed to guide students to observe the distribution differences between the north and south sites)

二、长江流域的典型代表 —— 河姆渡人

II. Hemudu People, Typical Representatives of the Yangtze River Basin

1. 基本信息 essential information

• 时间：距今约 7000 年

Time: About 7000 years ago

• 地点：浙江余姚河姆渡（长江中下游地区）

Location: Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang (middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River)

• 自然环境：温暖湿润，雨水充沛，适合水稻生长

Natural environment: warm and humid, abundant rain, suitable for rice growth

2. 生活与生产状况 Living and production conditions

• 住房：干栏式建筑（以木桩插地，木板拼接成屋），是中国最早的木构建筑；还发现了迄今最早的木结构水井。
  Housing: Ganlan-style buildings (wooden stakes inserted into the ground, wood splicing into houses), is the earliest wooden structure in China; also found so far the earliest wooden structure wells.
• 作用：防潮、防虫，适应南方潮湿环境。
  Function: Moisture-proof, insect proof, adapt to humid environment in the south.

河姆渡人干栏式建筑复原图 图片来自网络

（此处可展示河姆渡人干栏式建筑复原图，对比现代南方吊脚楼，感受文化传承）

(Here, we can show the restoration map of Hemudu people’s dry column building, compare with modern southern penthouse, and feel the cultural inheritance)

• 农业 Agriculture :
• 主要种植水稻（遗址中发现大量稻谷、谷壳堆积，最厚处达 1 米）
  Riceis mainly cultivated (a large number of rice and chaff piles were found in the site, with the thickest part reaching 1 meter)
• 代表性农具：骨耜（用于翻土，效率比石器高很多）
  Representative farm tool:
  bone plough (used for turning soil, much more efficient than stone tools)
• 手工业 The Cookery :
• 制作陶器（如猪纹陶钵）、玉器 Making pottery (such as pig pattern pottery bowl), jade
• 简单的乐器骨哨 Simple musical instruments, bone whistles.
• 象牙雕刻（中国最早的象牙雕刻） Ivory carving (the earliest ivory carving in China)
• 懂得使用天然漆 Know how to use natural paint

河姆渡T224四A层出土稻谷 图片来自网络

（此处可展示河姆渡遗址出土的稻谷、猪纹陶钵图片，让学生感受当时的农业水平和艺术审美）

(Pictures of rice and pig-grain pottery bowls unearthed at Hemudu site can be displayed here to let students feel the agricultural level and artistic aesthetics at that time)

三、黄河流域的典型代表 —— 半坡居民

III. Typical Representative of the Yellow River Basin_Banpo Residents

1. 基本信息 essential information

• 时间：距今约 6000 年

Time: about 6000 years ago

• 地点：陕西西安半坡村（黄河流域）

Location: Banpo Village, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province (Yellow River Basin)

• 自然环境：气候温暖湿润，适合粟的生长

Natural environment: warm and humid climate, suitable for millet growth

2. 生活与生产状况 Living and production conditions

• 住房：半地穴式圆形房屋（一半在地下，一半在地上），屋内有灶坑，适合北方寒冷气候。
  Housing: Semi-crypt round houses (half underground, half above ground) with kitchen pits, suitable for cold northern climates.

半地穴式房屋 图片来自网络

（此处可展示半坡居民半地穴式房屋复原图，思考：这种建筑如何适应北方环境？）

(Here you can show the restoration map of Banpo residents ‘semi-crypt houses. Think about how this kind of building adapts to the northern environment.)

• 农业：Agriculture:
• 主要种植粟 Major millet cultivation
• 饲养猪、狗等家畜 Raising pigs, dogs, etc.
• 还会捕猎、捕鱼、采集野果作为补充 Hunting, fishing and gathering wild fruits are also supplementary
• 手工业：
  Handicrafts:制作精美的磨制石器、骨器、角器
  Exquisite
  stone tools, bone tools and protractor
• 最具特色的是彩陶（红底黑纹，多为几何图案、鱼纹、鹿纹等，如人面鱼纹彩陶盆）
  The most distinctive is
  painted pottery (red background with black patterns, mostly geometric patterns, fish patterns, deer patterns, etc., such as painted pottery pots with fish patterns on human faces)
• 会简单的纺织、制衣（出土骨针、纺轮等） Simple weaving and clothing (unearthed bone needles, spinning wheels, etc.)
• 制作少量乐器如陶埙 Make a small number of musical instruments such as pottery

人面鱼纹彩陶盆 图片来自网络

（此处可展示人面鱼纹彩陶盆图片，引导学生讨论：这些图案可能表达了古人的什么想法？）

(Pictures of painted pottery pots with human-faced fish patterns can be shown here to guide students to discuss: What ideas might these patterns express in the ancients?)

四、南北方原始农耕生活的对比

IV. Comparison of primitive farming life in the north and south

小讨论：为什么南北方的农耕生活有这些差异？（提示：从自然环境、农作物特点等方面思考）

Small discussion: Why are there these differences in farming life between the north and the south?(Tip: Think from the natural environment, crop characteristics, etc.)

五、原始农耕生活的发展与社会变革

V. Development of primitive farming life and social change

1. 手工业的进步 Progress in handicraft industry

陶器制作：从简单的陶罐到精美的彩陶、黑陶（如山东大汶口文化的白陶鬶、龙山文化的 “蛋壳陶”，厚度不到 1 毫米）

Pottery production: from simple pottery pots to exquisite colored pottery and black pottery (such as white pottery of Shandong Dawenkou culture and “eggshell pottery” of Longshan culture, less than 1 mm thick)

玉器加工：良渚遗址出土了大量精美玉器（玉琮、玉璧、玉钺）

Jade processing: Liangzhu site unearthed a large number of exquisite jade (jade Cong, jade Bi, jade Yue)

2. 社会的变化 social changes

• 距今 5000 年前后，大汶口文化出现贫富分化（墓葬随葬品差异巨大）

Around 5000 years ago, Dawenkou culture appearedrich and poor differentiation (great difference in burial objects)

• 良渚遗址（距今 5300-4300 年）证明长江下游已出现早期国家：

Liangzhu Site (5300-4300 BC) proves that early countries have appeared in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River:

• 有宫殿区、内城、外城的古城 An ancient city with palace districts, inner cities and outer cities
• 规模宏大的水利系统（同时期世界最大） Large-scale water conservancy system (the largest in the world at the same time)
• 明显的社会阶级分化（权贵墓葬随葬大量玉器） Obvious social class differentiation (large number of jade articles buried with dignitaries)

良渚遗址出土的玉琮图片 图片来自网络

（此处可展示良渚遗址出土的玉琮图片，介绍：玉琮是祭祀神灵的礼器，象征着权力）

(Here you can show pictures of jade cong unearthed from Liangzhu site. Introduction: jade cong is a ritual vessel for offering sacrifices to gods, symbolizing power)

课堂小结 Class Summary

从距今 10000 年左右的原始农业萌芽，到河姆渡人与半坡居民的定居生活，再到良渚文化的早期国家形态，我们看到了中华先民从 “逐水草而居” 到 “筑屋而居”，从 “采集狩猎” 到 “耕织养殖” 的伟大跨越。正是这场农耕革命，为中华文明的诞生奠定了坚实的基础。

From the germination of primitive agriculture about 10000 years ago, to the settlement life of Hemudu people and Banpo residents, and then to the early state form of Liangzhu culture, we have seen the great leap of Chinese ancestors from “living by water grass” to “building houses,” from “gathering and hunting” to “farming and breeding.” It was this agricultural revolution that laid a solid foundation for the birth of Chinese civilization.

（课后活动：1. 判断哪些是原始农业出现的标志；2. 思考河姆渡人的骨耜如何使用；3. 谈谈对 “中华五千年文明” 的认识）

(After-school activities: 1. Decide which are the signs of the emergence of primitive agriculture;2. Think about how to use the bones of Hemu Du people;3. Talk about the understanding of “5,000 years of Chinese civilization”)

参考文献：

中国大遗址｜亲历记：“沧海桑田”再看河姆渡

义务教育教科书-中国初中历史七年级上册