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1. attitude n.态度；看法
（教材P60）What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning?
演讲者对外语学习的态度如何？
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attitude to/ towards… 对……的态度/看法 have/ take/ adopt a(n)… attitude to/ towards… 对……持/采取……的态度 |
Different people hold different attitudes towards cell phones.
对于手机，不同的人有不同的态度。
So as for students like us, we should have a good attitude towards/ to failure.
所以，对于像我们这样的学生来说，我们应该积极地面对失败。
2. refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅
（教材P60）Pronouns(it, they, she, etc.) refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier.
代词（it、they、she等）指的是前面提到的人或事。
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（1）refer vi. 提到；参考；查阅 vt. 查询；叫……求助于 refer to… as… 把……称作…… refer… to… 把……提交给……（以求获得帮助） （2）reference n. 指称关系；参考 |
When I am faced with a difficulty, I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or web pages.
当我面对困难时，我常常选择参考相关学习资料或网页。
He always refers to himself as a student.
他总是称自己是学生。
The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
教科书和字典可以用作参考书而杂志可作为阅读材料。
refer to 作“查阅”讲，后接词典或参考书等词；look up作“查阅”讲，后接被查找的东西。
Don’t always refer to the dictionary when coming across new words. Only if a word is very important can you look it up in your dictionary.
当遇到生词时不要总是查词典，只有当一个单词非常重要时，你才可以在词典中查阅。
3. despite prep.即使；尽管
（教材P62）China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history.
尽管历史跌宕起伏，中国因其古代文明一直延续至今而闻名于世。
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（1）in spite of 尽管，虽然 （2）in spite of/ despite the fact that … = although/though+从句 不管……；尽管…… （3）regardless of 不管；不顾 |
In spite of her terrible illness, she works hard and succeeds in the scientific research field.
尽管她病得厉害，但是她还是勤奋工作并在科研领域取得了成功。
Our club is open to everyone regardless of age, sex or educational background.
我们的俱乐部对任何人都开放，不管年龄、性别或教育背景。
in spite of为介词词组，与despite及regardless of一样，其后可跟名词、动名词及其他短语，意义基本相同。但regardless of只有“不管，不顾”之意。though、although有“虽然，尽管”之意，但它们是连词，后面应接句子。另外，despite是较正式用语。
4. based adj.以（某事）为基础的；以……为重要部分（或特征）的
（教材P62）At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language.
汉字在最初是一种基于图形的语言。
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（1）be based on/ upon 以……为基础；以……为根据 （2）base vt. 以……为据点；以……为基础 n. 底部；根据 base… on/ upon 以……为基础；以……为根据 （3）basic adj. 基本的；基础的 |
The writer always bases his novels on real stories.
该作家总是以真实的故事来写他的小说。
The theory he put up was based on his many years’ research, so it was practical.
他提出的理论是以他多年的科学研究为依据的，因此是切实可行的。
5. date back (to…)追溯到
（教材P62）It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu—animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
它可以追溯到数千年前使用龙骨的时期——古代中国人在这些骨头和壳上面刻画简单的符号。
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（1）date from= date back to… 追溯到…… （2）out of date 过时的，陈旧的 up to date 最近的，新式的，现代的 set a date for… 确定……的日期 |
My interest in stamp collecting dates from/ back to my schooldays.
我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。
The news you told me was out of date but you thought it was up to date.
你告诉我的新闻是过时的，但你却认为是最新的。
date from和date back to常指“以现在为起点”向前推，故在句中作谓语时，常用一般现在时。该短语没有进行时态，也没有被动形式，常用其现在分词形式作后置定语。
6. variety n.（植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化
（教材P62）Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
在随后的年代里，这一体系发展成不同的形式，这是由于当时中国人居住地域的分隔，从而导致不同方言和汉字变体的产生。
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（1）a variety of= varieties of 种类繁多的……；种种…… （2）vary vi. （根据情况）变化；改变 vary from… to… 由……到……不等 （3）various adj. 各种各样的；多姿多彩的 |
To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies.
为此，他们使用了各种工具和技术。
As in China, the climate in Canada varies, depending on the area.
正如中国一样，加拿大的气候也因地而异。
For various reasons, we couldn’t attend her wedding.
由于种种原因，我们都未能参加她的婚礼。
7. major adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n.主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究
（教材P62）Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
秦始皇统一七个诸侯国后，在这个统一的国家里，汉字开始朝着一个方向发展。
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（1）major in 主修……；以……为专业 （2）majority n. 大部分；大多数 a/ the majority of… 大多数…… in a/ the majority 构成大部分/大多数 （3）minority n. 少数 in the minority 占少数 |
In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语，并成为连接中国和世界的桥梁。
The majority of children in our class have blue eyes.
我们班大多数孩子有蓝眼睛。
The white are in the majority in Australia while the native people in the minority.
在澳大利亚，白人占大多数而土著人反而占少数。
the majority of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。
8. regard n.尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
（教材P62）The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
中国人对其书写体系推崇备至，这体现在汉字发展为一种艺术形式——书法。书法已经成为中国文化的一个重要组成部分。
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（1）with/ in regard to 关于；至于 as regards 关于；至于 have high regard for… 钦佩…… give one’s regards to… 代某人向……问候 （2）regard… as… 把……看作……，把……当成…… （3）regarding prep. 关于 |
Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures.
在许多文化中，大山被视为心灵圣地。
The teacher wishes to speak to you in regard to being late.
关于迟到的事，老师希望和你谈谈。
I wrote a letter regarding my daughter’s school examinations.
我写了一封关于我女儿学校考试的信。
9. character n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
（教材P62）The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
中国人对其书写体系推崇备至，这体现在汉字发展为一种艺术形式——书法。书法已经成为中国文化的一个重要组成部分。
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（1）in character 符合某人的性格；在性格方面 out of character 不符合某人的性格 （2）characteristic n. 特征；特点；品质 adj. 典型的；独特的 be characteristic of… 是……特有的 （3）characterize vt. 是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画 |
I can’t believe she lied to me— it seems so out of character.
不敢相信她对我撒谎——这看起来太不正常了。
Hostility towards outsiders is characteristic of both human and non-human animals.
对外来者怀有敌意是人类和其他动物共有的特征。
10. appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值
（教材P62）As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language.
随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
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（1）appreciate+n./ pron./v.-ing 重视/感激…… appreciate one’s doing sth. 感激某人做某事 I would appreciate it if… 假如……我将不胜感激。 （2）appreciation n. 欣赏；感激 （3）appreciative adj. 感激的 |
I’d appreciate it if you can reply to my letter at your earliest convenience.
如果在你方便时给我回信我将感激不尽。
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.
我们将很感激再次收到你的信。
I’d appreciate your writing me back as soon as possible.
你尽早回信我将感激不尽。
当appreciate、hate、dislike、love、like、depend/ rely on等词语后接宾语从句时，一般先加it，再接宾语从句。
1. while引导并列句
（教材P61）Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren’t sweet, are meat.
“甜肉”是糖果，而“甜面包”，其实不甜，是肉。
句中while意为“而，然而”，表示对比，连接并列句。
while 作连词时的主要用法： （1）“而，然而”，表示对比，连接并列句。 （2）“虽然；尽管”，表示转折，引导让步状语从句。 （3）“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。 |
While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.
当玛丽写信时，孩子们在外面玩耍。
The boy is good at maths while his sister is good at Chinese.
那个男孩擅长数学而他的妹妹/姐姐擅长语文。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
尽管我明白你的话，但我还是不同意。
2. be of+抽象名词
（教材P62）That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
这个书写体系对于中国人民与中国文化的统一具有非凡的意义。
was of great importance 为“be of+抽象名词”结构。
（1）of（+great、no、little、some、much）+抽象名词（value、importance、use、help、interest、significance、benefit、necessity等），这类名词一般可转化为其相应的形容词形式。 （2）介词of后面还可接一些表示人或物属性的名词，如size、color、height、length、age、shape、quality等，用来描述人或事物的属性，在句中作表语或后置定语。这些名词没有相应的形容词形式，因此不能用“be+形容词”来代替“be+ of+n.”。用在这些名词前的限定词常是a、an、the、the same、my、your等，of表示“具有”，有时可省去。 |
Doing morning exercises is of great help to your health.
=Doing morning exercises is very helpful to your health.
做早操对你的健康非常有帮助。
The two rooms are of a size/ of the same size.
这两个房间大小一样。
3. no matter where引导让步状语从句
（教材P62）Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写（文字）进行交流。
no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak是no matter where和no matter what引导的让步状语从句。
（1）“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句，可放在主句前或主句后。 （2）whenever、wherever、however 引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter when/ where/ how。 （3）whatever、whoever、whichever、whomever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，在引导让步状语从句时相当于no matter what/ who/ which/ whom。 |
Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.
无论她说什么都不会对我们的安排有影响。（Whatever在此引导主语从句，不可以换成No matter what）
He is a very determined man. No matter what problems he meets with, he never gives up.
他是一个意志非常坚定的人。无论遇到什么问题，他都决不放弃。（No matter what在此引导让步状语从句,可以换成Whatever）
However/ No matter how great the difficulties are, we must complete the task in time.
无论困难有多大，我们都必须及时完成任务。
4. It is believed that…
（教材P63）It is believed that Chinese calligraphy dates back to at least the Han Dynasty (202BCE-220 CE).
人们认为，中国书法至少可以追溯到汉朝（公元前202年至公元220年）。
It is believed that… 属于“it+ be+过去分词+ that从句”句式，it作形式主语。
it作形式主语的常用句式： （1）It+ be+过去分词（said、thought、hoped、believed、supposed、reported…）+that从句 （2）It+ be+形容词（obvious、possible、strange、natural、important…）+that从句 （3）It+不及物动词（occur、happen.…）+ that从句 （4）It+ be+名词短语（a pity、a fact、a wonder、a shame、an honour、no wonder…）+that从句 |
It is said that the new mayor will come into power next month.
= The new mayor is said to come into power next month.
据说新任市长下个月将执政。
It was possible that the driver would be sentenced to prison.
司机有可能被判入狱。
It happened that they spent their childhood in the same village.
巧的是他们的童年是在同一个村子度过的。
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