Linux系统之diff命令的基本使用

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一、diff命令介绍

diff工具的主要作用是比较两个文件的不同。该命令的功能为逐行比较两个文本文件，列出其不同之处。它对给出的文件进行系统的检查， 并显示出两个文件中所有不同的行，不要求事先对文件进行排序。

二、本次实践环境介绍

1.操作系统版本

本次使用的操作系统版本为centos7.6

[root@jeven ~]# cat /etc/centos-release CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 

2.操作系统内核版本

操作系统内核版本为3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64

[root@jeven ~]# cat /etc/centos-release CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) [root@jeven ~]# uname -r  3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 

三、diff命令的安装

1.检查yum仓库状态

检查yum仓库状态

[root@jeven ~]# yum repolist all |grep enable  !base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.a enabled: 10,072 !docker-ce-stable/7/x86_64 Docker CE Stable - x86_64 enabled: 210 !elrepo ELRepo.org Community Enterp enabled: 155 !epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterpri enabled: 13,768 !extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors enabled: 515 !updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirror enabled: 4,839 

2.检查diff工具是否安装

centos7默认已安装diff相关包，如未安装，可以直接yum安装即可。

[root@jeven ~]# yum list installed |grep diffutils diffutils.x86_64 3.3-4.el7 @anaconda 

3.安装diff

使用yum安装diff工具

[root@jeven ~]# yum -y install diffutils-3.3-5.el7.x86_64  Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * elrepo: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 docker-ce-stable | 3.5 kB 00:00:00 elrepo | 3.0 kB 00:00:00 epel | 4.7 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package diffutils.x86_64 0:3.3-4.el7 will be updated ---> Package diffutils.x86_64 0:3.3-5.el7 will be an update --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================================================================== Updating: diffutils x86_64 3.3-5.el7 base 322 k Transaction Summary =============================================================================================================================================== Upgrade 1 Package Total size: 322 k Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Updating : diffutils-3.3-5.el7.x86_64 1/2 Cleanup : diffutils-3.3-4.el7.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : diffutils-3.3-5.el7.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : diffutils-3.3-4.el7.x86_64 2/2 Updated: diffutils.x86_64 0:3.3-5.el7 Complete! 

四、diff的使用帮助

1.Linux中的help帮助

在linux中的–help输出

 [root@jeven ~]# diff --help Usage: diff [OPTION]... FILES Compare FILES line by line. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --normal output a normal diff (the default) -q, --brief report only when files differ -s, --report-identical-files report when two files are the same -c, -C NUM, --context[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of copied context -u, -U NUM, --unified[=NUM] output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context -e, --ed output an ed script -n, --rcs output an RCS format diff -y, --side-by-side output in two columns -W, --width=NUM output at most NUM (default 130) print columns --left-column output only the left column of common lines --suppress-common-lines do not output common lines -p, --show-c-function show which C function each change is in -F, --show-function-line=RE show the most recent line matching RE --label LABEL use LABEL instead of file name (can be repeated) -t, --expand-tabs expand tabs to spaces in output -T, --initial-tab make tabs line up by prepending a tab --tabsize=NUM tab stops every NUM (default 8) print columns --suppress-blank-empty suppress space or tab before empty output lines -l, --paginate pass output through 'pr' to paginate it -r, --recursive recursively compare any subdirectories found --no-dereference don't follow symbolic links -N, --new-file treat absent files as empty --unidirectional-new-file treat absent first files as empty --ignore-file-name-case ignore case when comparing file names --no-ignore-file-name-case consider case when comparing file names -x, --exclude=PAT exclude files that match PAT -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE -S, --starting-file=FILE start with FILE when comparing directories --from-file=FILE1 compare FILE1 to all operands; FILE1 can be a directory --to-file=FILE2 compare all operands to FILE2; FILE2 can be a directory -i, --ignore-case ignore case differences in file contents -E, --ignore-tab-expansion ignore changes due to tab expansion -Z, --ignore-trailing-space ignore white space at line end -b, --ignore-space-change ignore changes in the amount of white space -w, --ignore-all-space ignore all white space -B, --ignore-blank-lines ignore changes where lines are all blank -I, --ignore-matching-lines=RE ignore changes where all lines match RE -a, --text treat all files as text --strip-trailing-cr strip trailing carriage return on input -D, --ifdef=NAME output merged file with '#ifdef NAME' diffs --GTYPE-group-format=GFMT format GTYPE input groups with GFMT --line-format=LFMT format all input lines with LFMT --LTYPE-line-format=LFMT format LTYPE input lines with LFMT These format options provide fine-grained control over the output of diff, generalizing -D/--ifdef. LTYPE is 'old', 'new', or 'unchanged'. GTYPE is LTYPE or 'changed'. GFMT (only) may contain: %< lines from FILE1 %> lines from FILE2 %= lines common to FILE1 and FILE2 %[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{ 
   doxX}LETTER printf-style spec for LETTER LETTERs are as follows for new group, lower case for old group: F first line number L last line number N number of lines = L-F+1 E F-1 M L+1 %(A=B?T:E) if A equals B then T else E LFMT (only) may contain: %L contents of line %l contents of line, excluding any trailing newline %[-][WIDTH][.[PREC]]{ 
   doxX}n printf-style spec for input line number Both GFMT and LFMT may contain: %% % %c'C' the single character C %c'\OOO' the character with octal code OOO C the character C (other characters represent themselves) -d, --minimal try hard to find a smaller set of changes --horizon-lines=NUM keep NUM lines of the common prefix and suffix --speed-large-files assume large files and many scattered small changes --help display this help and exit -v, --version output version information and exit FILES are 'FILE1 FILE2' or 'DIR1 DIR2' or 'DIR FILE...' or 'FILE... DIR'. If --from-file or --to-file is given, there are no restrictions on FILE(s). If a FILE is '-', read standard input. Exit status is 0 if inputs are the same, 1 if different, 2 if trouble. Report bugs to:  GNU diffutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/> General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/> 

2.diff的使用说明

五、diff的基本使用

1.直接比较文件的区别

直接diff比较两个文件的区别,直接显示两个文件不同处的行及行号。

a - add 增加的内容 c - change 改变的内容 d - delete 删除的内容 

[root@jeven tmp]# diff passwd passwd01  18c18 < colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin --- > coloa1rd:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin 28c28 < unbound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin --- > un1abound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin 43c43 < tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin --- > 1atcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin 

2.以上下文 (context) 模式比较差异

会在不同的位置，以上下文的模式来展现两个文件的不同

[root@jeven tmp]# diff -c passwd passwd01  * passwd 2023-03-11 18:33:21. +0800 --- passwd01 2023-03-11 18:33:39. +0800 * * 15,21 dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin ! colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:995:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin --- 15,21 ---- dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin ! coloa1rd:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:995:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin * * 25,31 radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin ! unbound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin --- 25,31 ---- radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin ! un1abound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin * * 40,46 sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin ! tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin redis:x:987:980:Redis Database Server:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/nologin --- 40,46 ---- sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin ! 1atcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin redis:x:987:980:Redis Database Server:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/nologin 

3.指定上下文行数比较

指定上下文行数，比较两个文件的不同。

比较的特殊字符：

- 出现在前者，表示后者比前者少一行 + 出现在后者，表示后者比前者多一行 - 出现在两者，表示有差别的行 

[root@jeven tmp]# diff -C 2 passwd passwd01  * passwd 2023-03-11 18:33:21. +0800 --- passwd01 2023-03-11 18:33:39. +0800 * * 16,20 polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin ! colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin --- 16,20 ---- polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin ! coloa1rd:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin * * 26,30 rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin ! unbound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin --- 26,30 ---- rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin ! un1abound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin * * 41,45 avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin ! tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin --- 41,45 ---- avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin ! 1atcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin 

4.以联合 (unified) 模式比较差异

以联合 (unified) 模式比较差异

第一部分，显示两个文件的基本信息。---表示第一个文件，+++ 表示第二个文件。 第二部分，@@包围的内容，其中 -15,7 表示输出的内容属于第一个文件的第15行和第21行，+15,7 表示输出的内容属于第二个文件的第15行到第21行，进行合并显示。 第三部分，为比较后合并的内容。减号 “-”为变化的部分中第一个文件内容，加号“+”表示变化中第二个文件改变的内容 

[root@jeven tmp]# diff -u passwd passwd01  --- passwd 2023-03-11 18:33:21. +0800 +++ passwd01 2023-03-11 18:33:39. +0800 @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin -colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin +coloa1rd:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:995:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin -unbound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin +un1abound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin -tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin +1atcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin redis:x:987:980:Redis Database Server:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/nologin 

5.以并列输出

比较两个文件的不同，且并列输出文件的全部内容。

比较的特殊字符： | 表示前后 2 个文件内容有不同 < 表示后面文件比前面文件少了 1 行内容 > 表示后面文件比前面文件多了 1 行内容 

[root@jeven tmp]# diff -y passwd passwd01  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/ systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/ dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/v libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/v colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologi | coloa1rd:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nolo rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologi gluster:x:996:993:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologi saslauth:x:995:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:995:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin unbound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nol | un1abound:x:994:989:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/n chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin chrony:x:993:988::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox t tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox t usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin geoclue:x:992:986:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nol geoclue:x:992:986:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nol ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin sssd:x:991:985:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin sssd:x:991:985:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin setroubleshoot:x:990:984::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nolog setroubleshoot:x:990:984::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nolog saned:x:989:983:SANE scanner daemon user:/usr/share/sane:/sbi saned:x:989:983:SANE scanner daemon user:/usr/share/sane:/sbi gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin gnome-initial-setup:x:988:982::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbi gnome-initial-setup:x:988:982::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbi sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/no sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/no avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/ avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/ postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin | 1atcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash admin:x:1000:1000:admin:/home/admin:/bin/bash mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin mysql:x:1001:1001::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin redis:x:987:980:Redis Database Server:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/no redis:x:987:980:Redis Database Server:/var/lib/redis:/sbin/no zhangsan:x:1002:1002::/home/zhangsan:/bin/bash zhangsan:x:1002:1002::/home/zhangsan:/bin/bash lisi:x:1003:1003::/home/lisi:/bin/bash lisi:x:1003:1003::/home/lisi:/bin/bash kitty:x:1004:1004::/home/kitty:/bin/bash kitty:x:1004:1004::/home/kitty:/bin/bash apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin [root@jeven tmp]#